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Solution Manual To Calculus Tom M Apostol



  1. Calculus Tom M Apostol Pdf
  2. Tom Apostol Calculus Solutions

Calculus Tom M Apostol Pdf

  • I 1.6 The approach to calculus to be used in this book
  • Part 2. Some Basic Concepts of the Theory of Sets
  • I 2.1 Introduction to set theory
  • I 2.2 Notations for designating sets
  • I 2.3 Subsets
  • I 2.4 Unions, intersections, complements
  • I 2.5 Exercises
  • Part 3. A Set of Axioms for the Real-Number System
  • I 3.1 Introduction
  • I 3.2 The field axioms
  • *I 3.3 Exercises
  • I 3.4 The order axioms
  • *I 3.5 Exercises
  • I 3.6 Integers and rational numbers
  • I 3.7 Geometric interpretation of real numbers as points on a line
  • I 3.8 Upper bound of a set, maximum element, least upper bound (supremum)
  • I 3.9 The least-upper-bound axiom (completeness axiom)
  • I 3.10 The Archimedean property of the real-number system
  • I 3.11 Fundamental properties of the supremum and infimum
  • *I 3.12 Exercises
  • *I 3.13 Existence of square roots of nonnegative real numbers
  • *I 3.14 Roots of higher order. Rational powers
  • *I 3.15 Representation of real numbers by decimals
  • Part 4. Mathematical Induction, Summation Notation, and Related Topics
  • *I 4.1 An example of a proof by mathematical induction
  • I 4.2 The principle of mathematical induction
  • *I 4.3 The well-ordering principle
  • I 4.4 Exercises
  • *I 4.5 Proof of the well-ordering principle
  • I 4.6 The summation notation
  • I 4.7 Exercises
  • I 4.8 Absolute values and the triangle inequality
  • I 4.9 Exercises
  • *I 4.10 Miscellaneous exercises involving induction
  • 1. THE CONCEPTS OF INTEGRAL CALCULUS

  • 1.1 The basic ideas of Cartesian geometry
  • 1.2 Functions. Informal description and examples
  • *1.3 Functions. Formal definition as a set of ordered pairs
  • 1.4 More examples of real functions
  • 1.5 Exercises
  • 1.6 The concept of area as a set function
  • 1.7 Exercises
  • 1.8 Intervals and ordinate sets
  • 1.9 Partitions and step functions
  • 1.10 Sum and product of step functions
  • 1.11 Exercises
  • 1.12 The definition of the integral for step functions
  • 1.13 Properties of the integral of a step function
  • 1.14 Other notations for integrals
  • 1.15 Exercises
  • 1.16 The integral of more general functions
  • 1.17 Upper and lower integrals
  • 1.18 The area of an ordinate set expressed as an integral
  • 1.19 Informal remarks on the theory and technique of integration
  • 1.20 Monotonic and piecewise monotonic functions. Definitions and examples
  • 1.21 Integrability of bounded monotonic functions
  • 1.22 Calculation of the integral of a bounded monotonic function
  • 1.23 Calculation of the integral ∫abxp dx when p is a positive integer
  • 1.24 The basic properties of the integral
  • 1.25 Integration of polynomials
  • 1.26 Exercises
  • 1.27 Proofs of the basic properties of the integral
  • 2. SOME APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION

  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 The area of a region between two graphs expressed as an integral
  • 2.3 Worked examples
  • 2.4 Exercises
  • 2.5 The trigonometric functions
  • 2.6 Integration formulas for the sine and cosine
  • 2.7 A geometric description of the sine and cosine functions
  • 2.8 Exercises
  • 2.9 Polar coordinates
  • 2.10 The integral for area in polar coordinates
  • 2.11 Exercises
  • 2.12 Application of integration to the calculation of volume
  • 2.13 Exercises
  • 2.14 Application of integration to the concept of work
  • 2.15 Exercises
  • 2.16 Average value of a function
  • 2.17 Exercises
  • 2.18 The integral as a function of the upper limit. Indefinite integrals
  • 2.19 Exercises
  • 3. CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

  • 3.1 Informal description of continuity
  • 3.2 The definition of the limit of a function
  • 3.3 The definition of continuity of a function
  • 3.4 The basic limit theorems. More examples of continuous functions
  • 3.5 Proofs of the basic limit theorems
  • 3.6 Exercises
  • 3.7 Composite functions and continuity
  • 3.8 Exercises
  • 3.9 Bolzano's theorem for continuous functions
  • 3.10 The intermediate-value theorem for continuous functions
  • 3.11 Exercises
  • 3.12 The process of inversion
  • 3.13 Properties of functions preserved by inversion
  • 3.14 Inverses of piecewise monotonic functions
  • 3.15 Exercises
  • 3.16 The extreme-value theorem for continuous functions
  • 3.17 The small-span theorem for continuous functions (uniform continuity)
  • 3.18 The integrability theorem for continuous functions
  • 3.19 Mean-value theorems for integrals of continuous functions
  • 3.20 Exercises
  • 4. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

  • 4.1 Historical introduction
  • 4.2 A problem involving velocity
  • 4.3 The derivative of a function
  • 4.4 Examples of derivatives
  • 4.5 The algebra of derivatives
  • 4.6 Exercises
  • 4.7 Geometric interpretation of the derivative as a slope
  • 4.8 Other notations for derivatives
  • 4.9 Exercises
  • 4.10 The chain rule for differentiating composite functions
  • 4.11 Applications of the chain rule. Related rates and implicit differentiation
  • 4.12 Exercises
  • 4.13 Applications of differentiation to extreme values of functions
  • 4.14 The mean-value theorem for derivatives
  • 4.15 Exercises
  • 4.16 Applications of the mean-value theorem to geometric properties of functions
  • 4.17 Second-derivative test for extrema
  • 4.18 Curve sketching
  • 4.19 Exercises
  • 4.20 Worked examples of extremum problems
  • 4.21 Exercises
  • *4.22 Partial derivatives
  • *4.23 Exercises
  • 5. THE RELATION BETWEEN INTEGRATION AND DIFFERENTIATION

  • 5.1 The derivative of an indefinite integral. The first fundamental theorem of calculus
  • 5.2 The zero-derivative theorem
  • 5.3 Primitive functions and the second fundamental theorem of calculus
  • 5.4 Properties of a function deduced from properties of its derivative
  • 5.5 Exercises
  • 5.6 The Leibniz notation for primitives
  • 5.7 Integration by substitution
  • 5.8 Exercises
  • 5.9 Integration by parts
  • 5.10 Exercises
  • *5.11 Miscellaneous review exercises
  • 6. THE LOGARITHM, THE EXPONENTIAL, AND THE INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Motivation for the definition of the natural logarithm as an integral
  • 6.3 The definition of the logarithm. Basic properties
  • 6.4 The graph of the natural logarithm
  • 6.5 Consequences of the functional equation L(ab) = L(a) + L(b)
  • 6.6 Logarithms referred to any positive base b ≠ 1
  • 6.7 Differentiation and integration formulas involving logarithms
  • 6.8 Logarithmic differentiation
  • 6.9 Exercises
  • 6.10 Polynomial approximations to the logarithm
  • 6.11 Exercises
  • 6.12 The exponential function
  • 6.13 Exponentials expressed as powers of e
  • 6.14 The definition of ex for arbitrary real x
  • 6.15 The definition of ax for a > 0 and x real
  • 6.16 Differentiation and integration formulas involving exponentials
  • 6.17 Exercises
  • 6.18 The hyperbolic functions
  • 6.19 Exercises
  • 6.20 Derivatives of inverse functions
  • 6.21 Inverses of the trigonometric functions
  • 6.22 Exercises
  • 6.23 Integration by partial fractions
  • 6.24 Integrals which can be transformed into integrals of rational functions
  • 6.25 Exercises
  • 6.26 Miscellaneous review exercises
  • 7. POLYNOMIAL APPROXIMATIONS TO FUNCTIONS

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 The Taylor polynomials generated by a function
  • 7.3 Calculus of Taylor polynomials
  • 7.4 Exercises
  • 7.5 Taylor's formula with remainder
  • 7.6 Estimates for the error in Taylor's formula
  • *7.7 Other forms of the remainder in Taylor's formula
  • 7.8 Exercises
  • 7.9 Further remarks on the error in Taylor's formula. The o-notation
  • 7.10 Applications to indeterminate forms
  • 7.11 Exercises
  • 7.12 L'Hôpital's rule for the indeterminate form 0/0
  • 7.13 Exercises
  • 7.14 The symbols +∞ and −∞. Extension of L'Hôpital's rule
  • 7.15 Infinite limits
  • 7.16 The behavior of log x and ex for large x
  • 7.17 Exercises
  • 8. INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Terminology and notation
  • 8.3 A first-order differential equation for the exponential function
  • 8.4 First-order linear differential equations
  • 8.5 Exercises
  • 8.6 Some physical problems leading to first-order linear differential equations
  • 8.7 Exercises
  • 8.8 Linear equations of second order with constant coefficients
  • 8.9 Existence of solutions of the equation y″ + by = 0
  • 8.10 Reduction of the general equation to the special case y″ + by = 0
  • 8.11 Uniqueness theorem for the equation y″ + by = 0
  • 8.12 Complete solution of the equation y″ + by = 0
  • 8.13 Complete solution of the equation y″ + ay′ + by = 0
  • 8.14 Exercises
  • 8.15 Nonhomogeneous linear equations of second order with constant coefficients
  • 8.16 Special methods for determining a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation y″ + ay′ + by = R
  • 8.17 Exercises
  • 8.18 Examples of physical problems leading to linear second-order equations with constant coefficients
  • 8.19 Exercises
  • 8.20 Remarks concerning nonlinear differential equations
  • 8.21 Integral curves and direction fields
  • 8.22 Exercises
  • 8.23 First-order separable equations
  • 8.24 Exercises
  • 8.25 Homogeneous first-order equations
  • 8.26 Exercises
  • 8.27 Some geometrical and physical problems leading to first-order equations
  • 8.28 Miscellaneous review exercises
  • 9. COMPLEX NUMBERS

  • 9.1 Historical introduction
  • 9.2 Definitions and field properties
  • 9.3 The complex numbers as an extension of the real numbers
  • 9.4 The imaginary unit i
  • 9.5 Geometric interpretation. Modulus and argument
  • 9.6 Exercises
  • 9.7 Complex exponentials
  • 9.8 Complex-valued functions
  • 9.9 Examples of differentiation and integration formulas
  • 9.10 Exercises
  • 10. SEQUENCES, INFINITE SERIES, IMPROPER INTEGRALS

  • 10.1 Zeno's paradox
  • 10.2 Sequences
  • 10.3 Monotonic sequences of real numbers
  • 10.4 Exercises
  • 10.5 Infinite series
  • 10.6 The linearity property of convergent series
  • 10.7 Telescoping series
  • 10.8 The geometric series
  • 10.9 Exercises
  • *10.10 Exercises on decimal expansions
  • 10.11 Tests for convergence
  • 10.12 Comparison tests for series of nonnegative terms
  • 10.13 The integral test
  • 10.14 Exercises
  • 10.15 The root test and the ratio test for series of nonnegative terms
  • 10.16 Exercises
  • 10.17 Alternating series
  • 10.18 Conditional and absolute convergence
  • 10.19 The convergence tests of Dirichlet and Abel
  • 10.20 Exercises
  • *10.21 Rearrangements of series
  • 10.22 Miscellaneous review exercises
  • 10.23 Improper integrals
  • 10.24 Exercises
  • 11. SEQUENCES AND SERIES OF FUNCTIONS

  • 11.1 Pointwise convergence of sequences of functions
  • 11.2 Uniform convergence of sequences of functions
  • 11.3 Uniform convergence and continuity
  • 11.4 Uniform convergence and integration
  • 11.5 A sufficient condition for uniform convergence
  • 11.6 Power series. Circle of convergence
  • 11.7 Exercises
  • 11.8 Properties of functions represented by real power series
  • 11.9 The Taylor's series generated by a function
  • 11.10 A sufficient condition for convergence of a Taylor's series
  • 11.11 Power-series expansions for the exponential and trigonometric functions
  • *11.12 Bernstein's theorem
  • 11.13 Exercises
  • 11.14 Power series and differential equations
  • 11.15 The binomial series
  • 11.16 Exercises
  • 12. VECTOR ALGEBRA

  • 12.1 Historical introduction
  • 12.2 The vector space of n-tuples of real numbers
  • 12.3 Geometric interpretation for n ≤ 3
  • 12.4 Exercises
  • 12.5 The dot product
  • 12.6 Length or norm of a vector
  • 12.7 Orthogonality of vectors
  • 12.8 Exercises
  • 12.9 Projections. Angle between vectors in n-space
  • 12.10 The unit coordinate vectors
  • 12.11 Exercises
  • 12.12 The linear span of a finite set of vectors
  • 12.13 Linear independence
  • 12.14 Bases
  • 12.15 Exercises
  • 12.16 The vector space Vn(C) of n-tuples of complex numbers
  • 12.17 Exercises
  • 13. APPLICATIONS OF VECTOR ALGEBRA TO ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

  • 13.1 Introduction
  • 13.2 Lines in n-space
  • 13.3 Some simple properties of straight lines
  • 13.4 Lines and vector-valued functions
  • 13.5 Exercises
  • 13.6 Planes in Euclidean n-space
  • 13.7 Planes and vector-valued functions
  • 13.8 Exercises
  • 13.9 The cross product
  • 13.10 The cross product expressed as a determinant
  • 13.11 Exercises
  • 13.12 The scalar triple product
  • 13.13 Cramer's rule for solving a system of three linear equations
  • 13.14 Exercises
  • 13.15 Normal vectors to planes
  • 13.16 Linear Cartesian equations for planes
  • 13.17 Exercises
  • 13.18 The conic sections
  • 13.19 Eccentricity of conic sections
  • 13.20 Polar equations for conic sections
  • 13.21 Exercises
  • 13.22 Conic sections symmetric about the origin
  • 13.23 Cartesian equations for the conic sections
  • 13.24 Exercises
  • 13.25 Miscellaneous exercises on conic sections
  • 14. CALCULUS OF VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

  • 14.1 Vector-valued functions of a real variable
  • 14.2 Algebraic operations. Components
  • 14.3 Limits, derivatives, and integrals
  • 14.4 Exercises
  • 14.5 Applications to curves. Tangency
  • 14.6 Applications to curvilinear motion. Velocity, speed, and acceleration
  • 14.7 Exercises
  • 14.8 The unit tangent, the principal normal, and the osculating plane of a curve
  • 14.9 Exercises
  • 14.10 The definition of arc length
  • 14.11 Additivity of arc length
  • 14.12 The arc-length function
  • 14.13 Exercises
  • 14.14 Curvature of a curve
  • 14.15 Exercises
  • 14.16 Velocity and acceleration in polar coordinates
  • 14.17 Plane motion with radial acceleration
  • 14.18 Cylindrical coordinates
  • 14.19 Exercises
  • 14.20 Applications to planetary motion
  • 14.21 Miscellaneous review exercises
  • 15. LINEAR SPACES

  • 15.1 Introduction
  • 15.2 The definition of a linear space
  • 15.3 Examples of linear spaces
  • 15.4 Elementary consequences of the axioms
  • 15.5 Exercises
  • 15.6 Subspaces of a linear space
  • 15.7 Dependent and independent sets in a linear space
  • 15.8 Bases and dimension
  • 15.9 Exercises
  • 15.10 Inner products, Euclidean spaces, norms
  • 15.11 Orthogonality in a Euclidean space
  • 15.12 Exercises
  • 15.13 Construction of orthogonal sets. The Gram–Schmidt process
  • 15.14 Orthogonal complements. Projections
  • 15.15 Best approximation of elements in a Euclidean space by elements in a finite-dimensional subspace
  • 15.16 Exercises
  • 16. LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS AND MATRICES

  • 16.1 Linear transformations
  • 16.2 Null space and range
  • 16.3 Nullity and rank
  • 16.4 Exercises
  • 16.5 Algebraic operations on linear transformations
  • 16.6 Inverses
  • 16.7 One-to-one linear transformations
  • 16.8 Exercises
  • 16.9 Linear transformations with prescribed values
  • 16.10 Matrix representations of linear transformations
  • 16.11 Construction of a matrix representation in diagonal form
  • 16.12 Exercises
  • 16.13 Linear spaces of matrices
  • 16.14 Isomorphism between linear transformations and matrices
  • 16.15 Multiplication of matrices
  • 16.16 Exercises
  • 16.17 Systems of linear equations
  • 16.18 Computation techniques
  • 16.19 Inverses of square matrices
  • 16.20 Exercises
  • 16.21 Miscellaneous exercises on matrices
  • ANSWERS TO EXERCISES

    INDEX

    END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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    Solution Manual To Calculus Tom M Apostol
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